Adjective dan Adverb (kata sifat dan kata keterangan)
Adjective (kata sifat) giving information about nouns,examples:
• She’s an excellent dancer.
• He is a serious student.
Adverb (kata keterangan) change verb, adverb describe how people do something, examples:
• She learns quickly.
• You can speak English well.
Adjective (kata sifat)
Adjective can be placed before nouns, examples :
• This is a beautiful bird.
• “This is a bird beautiful.” false.
Adjective giving information like size (small, big), type (circle, square), colour (yellow, green), nation (Cina, Poland), and opinion (nice, bad).
Adjective haven’t changing which depend on number (singular or nonsingular). example:
• She has a cute puppy.
• She has three cute puppies.
Adjective (cute) have not changing, wether in singular (puppy) or nonsingular (puppies).
Adjective not only can be placed before but also after some verbs, like be, feel, look, and taste. Examples :
• I’m really happy today.
• She’s got a new job so she feels great.
• You look wonderful!
• This chicken tastes delicious.
Adverb (kata keterangan)
Adverb often made by placing -ly behind adjective. Examples :
• quick (adjective) - He’s quick at learning new things.
• quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.
• bad (adjective) - He didn’t get a bad test score.
• badly (adverb) - He didn’t do badly in his test.
Adverb which is made from adjective and finished with consonant “-y”, replaced “-y” with “-i” and add “-ly“ afer “-i” . Examples :
• easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.
• easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.
• happy (adjective) - He’s a happy man.
• happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.
For adverb which is made from adjective and finished with “-le”, replaced “-le” with “-ly“. Examples :
• simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.
• simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.
Some adverb sometimes same with adjective. Examples :
• He runs fast (adverb) - He’s a fast runner. (adjective)
• He studies hard. (adverb) - It’s a hard life. (adjective)
Adverb for “good” is “well“. Examples :
• She’s a good pianist.
• She plays the piano well.
Adverb not only can be change adjective but also others adverb. Examples :
• That’s a good book.
• That’s a very good book.
• She’s a talented girl.
• She’s an incredibly talented girl.
• You’re right!
• You’re absolutely right!
EXAMPLE :
1. sandy is a ________ (careless) driver.
2. she drives ________ (careless).
3. suzan always drives _______ (slow)
4. uncle tom drives _______ (fast)
5. Michael is very ______ (impolite)
KEY Answer :
1. careless
2. carelessly
3. slowly
4. fast
5. impolite
Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating Conjuntion is words which connect two sentences or words which connecting one and another, and in the same grade.
There are six words which include Coordinating Conjunction , they are: and, but, for, nor, or, and yet.
Because this words usually paired one and another, so some this Coordinating Conjunction called with Correlatives Conjunctions, they are:
Both …… and ……
Either …… or ……
Neither …… nor ……
As well as
So …… as ……
Whether …… or ……
Not only …… but also ……
If …… then ……
Although ……yet ……
Base on the meaning, Coordinating Cojunction classification become four, they are:
1. Cumulative Conjunction
2. Alternative Conjunction
3. Adversative Conjunction
4. Illative Conjunction
Ad 1. Cumulative Conjunction is group of connecting word which have function – have a meaning – “collect or add”. And the words which included this group are:
a. And
b. Both … and
c. As well as
d. And also
e. No only … but also
f. Furthermore
g. Likewise
h. Besides
i. Again
j. Moreover
k. In addition
Examples:
1. Faridah is beautiful and diligent.
2. Not only is Farda beautiful but also diligent.
3. Amir, as well as Ali, invites me to come soon.
4. She both plays the piano and sings.
5. Fatmalah is beautiful; moreover, she is diligent.
Ad 2. Alternative Conjunction is group of connecting word which have meaning “alternative or selection between two or more”. And the words which included this group are:
a. Or
b. Either …… or ……
c. Or else ……
d. Otherwise
e. Neither
f. Neither …… nor
Examples:
1. Ali or Farida will finish the job.
2. Either you leave this house or I will call the police.
3. Either Fatimah or Farida will finish the job.
4. Neither she or Amir is a teacher.
5. I neither smoke nor drink.
Ad 3. Adversative Conjunction is group of connecting word which have meaning contradiction between one part of sentence with the other one. And the words which included this group are:
a. But
b. However
c. Still
d. Yet
e. Inspite of
f. Despite
g. Notwithstanding
h. (al)though
i. Nevertheless
j. On the other hand
k. On the contrary
l. In countrast
m. conversly
Examples:
1. Amir is poor but he is honest.
2. Nashir is rich, yet he is friendly person.
3. She has tried, still she is not successful.
4. Ali is poor, however, he is honest.
Ad 4. Illative Conjunction is group of connecting word which showing meaning of result or caution from an incident or the other action. And the words which included this group are:
a. Therefore
b. Accordingly
c. Thus
d. Hence
e. Consequently
f. So
g. Because of
h. For this reason
i. As a result
j. Regardless of
Examples:
1. It’s raining very hard, therefore, the club will cancel the picnic.
2. He is ill, therefore, he can’t come to my house.
3. She is busy, accordingly, she can’t see you.
4. The secretary is very busy, consequently, she can’t help you.
5. The rain began to fail, so we went home.
Note:
For some coordinating conjunction, that are: because of, in spite of, and regardless of, always must be followed with noun or noun phrase.
Because of
In spite of + noun (noun phrase)
Regardless of
Examples:
1. Amir wore a raincoat because of the rain.
2. Ali didn’t wear a raincoat in spite of the rain.
3. I wear a raincoat regardless of the weater.
Compare with this sentence bellow:
1. Amir wore a raincoat because it was raining.
2. Ali didn’t wear a raincoat although it was raining.
3. I wear a raincoat whether or not the weather is nice.
Examples:
Combine the following in to setences which contain parallel structure. Use appropriate paired conjunctions : Both … and … / not only … but also … / either … or … / neither … / nor …
1. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can take them to a restaurant
2. Lina is not in the class today. Lani is not in the class today
3. He does not have a pen. He does not have peper.
4. Steve is my family. Susan is my family
5. She wants to buy a Toyota or She wants to buy Ferarri.
ANSWER:
1. We can either fix dinner for them or take them to a restaurant
2. Not only Lina but also Lani is not in the class today.
3. He has neither a pen nor paper
4. Both Steve and Susan are my family.
5. She wants to buy either Toyota or Ferarri.
Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives are forms of verbs that act like nouns. They can follow adjectives and other verbs. Gerunds can also follow prepositions.
A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. Not all words formed with -ing are gerunds.
An infinitive is to + the verb.
When a verb follows a verb it either takes the gerund or infinitive form.
Some verbs can take either the gerund or the infinitive with no loss of meaning.
For example:
• With the verb start - "It started to rain." or "It started raining." Both sentences have the same meaning.
Sometimes the use of the gerund or infinitive changes the meaning of the sentence.
For example:
• With the verb remember - "I remembered to do my homework". or "I remembered doing my homework."
In the first sentence (I remembered to do my homework), the person speaking remembered they had some homework first and then carried out the action and did it. In the second sentence (I remembered doing my homework.), the person speaking carried out the action (their homework) first and then remembered doing it.
Other verbs only take one or the other, unfortunately there is no rule as to which form the verb takes. The same is true when the verb follows an adjective.
Examples:
Write sentences from the given words!
1. Finish + eat dinner
2. Mention + go to a concert
3. Avold + answer my qution
4. Enjoy + watch tv
5. Enjoy + listen to music
ANSWER:
1. I finish eating dinner with you
2. I mention going to concert today
3. I avord answering my question
4. I enjoy watching tv every after study
5. I enjoy listening music before sleep
Present Progressive Tense
The present progressive tense takes the form be + V ing.
The form of be is determined by the subject of the sentence.
He is singing.
She is listening.
They are sleeping.
I am going home.
In English, the present progressive is used to indicate actions happening at the time of speaking, or right now.
Jake is speaking to his mother right now.
Please keep quiet. The baby is sleeping.
The present progressive can also be used to indicate actions occurring over a period of time which includes the present.
I'm taking five classes at the university.
Grace is working at a chemical factory.
What are you doing these days?
The present progressive is sometimes used to indicate ongoing, developing, imminent or future actions.
Ongoing
Don't bother Mr. Grumpy while he is watching the football game.
Developing
I'm beginning to like this place!
Imminent
A: Honey, where are you?
B: I'm coming. Just let me put on my shoes.
Future (Note the presence of future time words.)
A: Are you going to the concert this weekend?
B: I wish I could, but I'm meeting an important client from Oklahoma.
Some non-action verbs do not occur in the present progressive tense. The simple present is sufficient.
Examples:
Complete the following dialogue. Use the verbs in the present progressive or present simple.
1. A:….(sally /have) a shower?
B:No,she….(wash)her hair
A:is sally having
B:isn’t washing
2. A : You ( not / watch the TV at the moment. Why … ( you / not switchoff)
B : I’m sorry.I forgot to doing it
A : …you aren’t switching off ?
3. A: What …(maria /do)these days?
B: She…(study) English at a schoolin Jakarta
A: Is maria doing
B: Is studying
4. A:Prices…(rise) all the time
B:Oh,that’s right.Everything…(get) more and more expensive.
A:Are rises
B:Is getting
5. A:Do you know why she…(cry) over there ?
B: I’m so sorry,I…(not (know).
A:Is crying
B:don’t know
